Showing posts with label Mild month. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mild month. Show all posts

Wednesday, 30 May 2018

Let's Brew Wednesday - 1947 Boddington XX

One last watery Mild before the end of May. This time, one from the late 1940s. Probably one of the most depressing times to be a beer drinker in Britain.

I can remember Boddie’s Mild quite well. It was one of the semi-dark kind. Though compared to their straw-coloured Bitter, it looked pretty dark. I assume that the version I drank was the direct successor to this beer.

With an OG of just 1028º, it’s not exactly high-gravity. Though thanks to a high degree of attenuation, it is just about 3% ABV. So just about intoxicating.

The grist is fairly simple: pale malt, crystal malt, flaked barley and sugar. Three different types of sugar: DMS, Fla. and invert. I’ve substituted No. 3 invert for them. Hopefully it’s somewhere close to what was in the original.

The hops were English (1945), Styrian (1945), Czech (1945) and 3 lbs hopulon. I’ve bumped up the hops by 21 lbs to account for the latter. The quantity of Styrian hops is so small – 2 lbs out of 105 lbs, I’ve left them out.

What next I wonder, now I'm done with watery Mild? Any suggestions?


1947 Boddington XX
pale malt 4.00 lb 65.31%
crystal malt 80 L 0.50 lb 8.16%
enzymic malt 0.125 lb 2.04%
flaked barley 0.75 lb 12.24%
No. 3 invert sugar 0.75 lb 12.24%
Fuggles 115 mins 0.75 oz
Saaz 30 mins 0.75 oz
OG 1028
FG 1005.5
ABV 2.98
Apparent attenuation 80.36%
IBU 21
SRM 10
Mash at 154º F
Sparge at 162º F
Boil time 115 minutes
pitching temp 62º F
Yeast Wyeast 1318 London ale III (Boddingtons)

Wednesday, 31 May 2017

Lets’ Brew - 1857 Barclay Perkins X Ale

I know. May is over. But I can’t help myself. Plus I’ve published so few Barclay Perkins Mild Ale recipes from the 19th century.

Nearly 20 years on and not much has changed. OK, the OG has dropped by six points. But the hopping has remained identical. And all fresh English hops. This was brewed in May 1857 and the hops were all MK (Mid Kent) from the 1856 harvest. Basically as fresh as was possible.

The grist 100% HW (Hertfordshire while malt). Meaning the ingredients were all pretty local. About as local as you could get, it your brewery was in London.

It’s interesting to not how different the fermentation profile is compared to the Porters and Stouts in the same brewing book. The Ales fermented much cooler. This beer was pitched at 59.5º F and reached a maximum of 75.23º F. The Porters were pitched at 66-67º F and peaked around 80º F.

I’ll be fascinated to see how soon the foreign ingredients kick as we track Barclay Perkins Mild Ales through the 19th century.


1857 Barclay Perkins X Ale
pale malt 14.75 lb 100.00%
Goldings 150 mins 2.50 oz
Goldings 90 mins 2.50 oz
Goldings 30 mins 2.50 oz
OG 1065.4
FG 1011.4
ABV 7.14
Apparent attenuation 82.57%
IBU 94
SRM 6
Mash at 150º F
Sparge at 172º F
Boil time 150 minutes
pitching temp 59.5º F
Yeast Wyeast 1099 Whitbread Ale

Wednesday, 24 May 2017

Let’s Brew Wednesday - 1839 Barclay Perkins XX Ale

Another Mild for May. This time a lightly beefier one from the 1830’s.

It’s as uncomplicated as an early 19th-century recipe can be. The original only had two ingredients (other than yeast and water): Herts white malt and MK hops. So not only two ingredients, but also ones that were relatively locally-sourced. This would be the case for much longer. After 1840 foreign hops and foreign barley were imported in increasingly large quantities. The UK wouldn’t be self-sufficient in brewing materials again until the 1940’s.

I’ve actually reduced the hopping a little – it actually worked out to 9 oz. in total. But as they were all from the 1838 harvest and this beer was brewed in September 1839, it seems logical to knock it down a bit to take into account their age.

Probably not most people’s idea of a Mild: pale, 9.5% ABV and 90 IBU. It just shows how much a style can change over time.



1839 Barclay Perkins XX Ale
pale malt 19.75 lb 100.00%
Goldings 150 mins 2.75 oz
Goldings 90 mins 2.75 oz
Goldings 30 mins 2.75 oz
OG 1087.3
FG 1015.5
ABV 9.50
Apparent attenuation 82.25%
IBU 90
SRM 8
Mash at 149º F
Sparge at 168º F
Boil time 150 minutes
pitching temp 58º F
Yeast Wyeast 1099 Whitbread Ale

Wednesday, 10 May 2017

Let's Brew Wednesday - 1963 Lees Mild

It being Mild month once more, it seems a good time for another Mild recipe.

The 1950’s version of Lees Best Mild has been a big hit with home brewers. Mostly, I think, because of its complex malt bill. This time, though, we’re looking at its younger brother: simple Mild. What’s most surprising to me, is that not only wasn’t it  parti-gyled with Best Mild, but it has a totally different grist.

There’s one good reason for that: the two beers were different in colour. The usual convention was Ordinary Mild dark, Best Mild pale. For some reason, Lees did it the other way around. And with all the dark malt and dark sugar in Best Mild, there’s no way they could parti-gyle Ordinary Mild with it.

I sometimes wonder why pubs sell several Bitters of only slightly differing gravities. This case is even crazier – Best Mild, at 1035º, was only 2 gravity points higher than this beer. It does make you wonder why they bothered. Though I suppose, at least, the different grists left beers with distinct characters.

Speaking of grists, Ordinary Mild contained crystal malt, which Best didn’t. While Ordinary lacked the oak smoked and flaked oats that were in Best.

There’s an even bigger difference when it comes to the sugars. Best: Invert, Black Invert, PS Crystals, D.C.S., HX and C.D.M. Ordinary: Invert, C.M.E., Stacons, Laverna, D.C.S, HX and a tiny amount of C.D.M. I won’t even try to guess what all that lot were. I’ve substituted No. 1 and No. 2 invert.

Oddly, Ordinary Mild has a slightly higher hopping rate than Best. I’ve guessed Fuggles, but all I know for sure is that they were English. Around 10% of the hops were Styrian Goldings. But as that would only amount to 0.15 oz. at this scale, I didn’t bother with it. Feel free to throw a few in if you feel like it.

Before I forget, the FG is also a guess. Lees didn’t bother filling it in.


1963 Lees Mild
pale malt 5.25 lb 76.98%
crystal malt 60 L 0.25 lb 3.67%
flaked maize 0.33 lb 4.84%
No. 1 invert sugar 0.33 lb 4.84%
No. 2 invert sugar 0.66 lb 9.68%
Fuggles 90 min 0.75 oz
Fuggles 30 min 0.75 oz
OG 1033
FG 1007
ABV 3.44
Apparent attenuation 78.79%
IBU 21
SRM 6.5
Mash at 148º F
Sparge at 170º F
Boil time 90 minutes
pitching temp 60º F
Yeast Wyeast 1318 London ale III (Boddingtons)

Tuesday, 24 April 2012

Mild for Mild Month

It's that time of year again. When Jack Frost starts nipping at your arse and that scary bloke in the red suit breaks into your house and tries to seduce your wife. Yes, it's Krim......

There's something not quite right here. I can see the buds of Channel 4 HD death sprouting on that effing oak tree in the garden behind us. It must be . . er . . Autumn! No, it's the other one with leaves - Spring!

Sometimes I have these odd jumps. When months seem to have passed in an instant. I must be making incredible journeys across space and time, exploiting some strange warp thingy that thrabs my mind as a side effect. Or I'm in the early stages of dementia.

Now that we're agreed it's Spring, I've had a look in my wallet. It seems I'm a life member of a camera club. I looked up their website. They've a special four-weeks-and-a-bit-except-in-February-apart-from-leap-years coming up. Now I'm getting on I can't stand the cold. And I've never liked the heat. That's why it sounds made just for me: Mild Month.

A whole four-weeks-and-a-bit-except-in-February-apart-from-leap-years with tepid temperatures. Reason for any left-thinking person to celebrate. And when I celebrate I buy a book. Just like when I'm sad. Or happy. Equivocal or in a rage. Or inexplicably ecstatic. I'll tell the truth: I buy a lot of books. The mood I'm in is pretty irrelevant.

Buy my Mega Mild book.


Or my other Mild book.

Support independent publishing: buy this book on Lulu.


Tuesday, 30 March 2010

An afternoon in Folkestone

We start fairly early, at 08:15, on Linaeusstraat. I nip into the bakery and get a broodje gezond. Lekker, hoor.










It being Saturday morning, the roads aren't bad at all. Just after Antwerp, we stop at a service station. Mikey has a dump and I pick up, true to tradition, three cans of Gordon Finest Gold. Slightly superior tramp juice. Perfect to get me in the mood. But I've made a slight miscalculation and all three are drained before we get on the chunnel shuttle. I'll remember to get four next time.

13 minutes after pulling off the train we arrive at our hotel. Thirty seconds after that, pints are in front of us. Just a bottle of London Pride for me, as the Scuba Bar sells no cask. Mikey quickly disappears off to London. I've a free afternoon. A good chance to visit the real ale pubs he hates.

After a stroll down the high street, I dive into the Wetherspoons. It's in what looks like a former Methodist chapel. Mikey definitely won't come in here. I can see his point. It is a bit of a dump. I order a Whitstable Brewery Kentish Reserve. I am in Kent, after all.

My beer is very dark. If it's supposed to be a Bitter. At 5%, who knows? I'm not in style nazi mode (am I ever?). What do I care? It's just about drinkable. Just. About 5 minutes away from Sarson's. I do something I very, very, very rarely do: I leave it unfinished. Those Gordons have got me nicely warmed up. No need to knock back crap just for the sake of it.

Just before entering Wetherspoons, I spotted a pub I'd not visited before, the Guildhall. It's my next stop. Inside is mobbed by diners, but I find a stool at the bar. I order a Titanic Lifboat. This is definitely in Mild country, colour-wise. [RateBeer classifies it as a Bitter. So a Bitter it is. The brewery describe it as "fruity and malty,red brown bittersweet beer". Nicely unspecific about style.] If I'm not mistaken, it tastes like there are some American citrus hops in there. Bit weird, but at least it isn't going off faster than a runaway TGV.

Knacked. Je suis un peu knackré. Don't know why. It's Mikey who's been driving for 3.5 hours.

The landlord is trying very hard. Maybe this is one of his most profitable sessions. It reminds me why I wouldn't want to run a pub. I couldn't keep up the front of friendliness all day. I'd be the traditional miserable bastard type of publican.

I do finish my pint of Lifeboat. Then head on to my next stop, the British Lion. I've been here before. Eaten here, too. Quite a nice Sunday dinner, it was. I order an Adnam Gunhill. This one has both feet and its arse in Mild-land. British brewers - can't they decide what style they're making? Bastards. They just brew what they feel like and call it Bitter. Or nothing.

It tastes OK. But has that funny mouth-coating thing. Probably the best pint so far. Strong Mild, that's what I've decided to call it. So I have to like it. there. [RateBeer has it down as a Mild. Adnams website describes it as "as a cross between a dark mild and an old fashioned brown ale". That's cleared things up.]

Next it's the turn of the Pullman. It still smells of paint from its recent refurbishment. In the smoky old days, it would have just stunk of fags after the first session. Two blokes at the bar ask jokingly if I'm following them around. They'd been in the Guildhall.

I'm served a pint of Harvey's best, served by a fit young Polish barmaid. Does life get any better? It has the enchanting farty smell of an authentic Bitter. Deliciotastic.

It's a proper pint of Bitter. Like it used to taste when I were a lad in the 1920's. (I feel sometimes as if  I grew up in the 1920's. Too much time spent looking through old books.

The final call on my mini pub-crawl is Chambers. Down in a basement. Hey daddy - o, I don't wanna go down in the basement.

"A pint of Mild, please." "I haven't said that in a while" I quip to the barman. My repartee is shit. Finally something not Mild-like, but the real thing. Rudgate Ruby Mild. A bit generic, to be honest. But still Mild. I feel like I've done my bit for Mild Month March. Self-satisfaction keeps me warm as I wait on the freezing terrace of the Scuba Bar for the Asda delivery man to arrive.















Skuba Bar
2-4 Langhorne Gardens,
Folkestone,
Kent CT20 2EA.
Tel: 01303 251 444‎


Wetherspoons
23 Rendezvous Street,
Folkestone CT20 1EY.
Tel: 01303 251 154


The Guildhall
42 The Bayle,
Folkestone CT20 1SQ.
Tel: 01303 251 393



The British Lion
8-10 The Bayle
Folkestone CT20 1SQ.
Tel: 01303 251 478


The Pullman
7 Church Street,
Folkestone CT20 1SE.
Tel: 07801 859 592


The Chambers
Radnor Chambers,
Cheriton Place,
Folkestone CT20 2BB.
Tel: 01303 223 333

Thursday, 18 March 2010

Once upon a time

It's arrived. Yesterday it came. The box of Pretty Things Once Upon a Time Mild. I'd looked forward to it so much.

It doesn't disappoint. The colour is a beautiful deep copper. And the taste. If I hadn't abandoned beer descriptions, I'd tell you stuff about minty hops, caramel malt and a strong, but in now way overwhelming bitterness. But I'm crap at that sort of thing, so I'll just say that it's like a souped-up Fullers ESB. Or an improved Gold Label. Dead nice and right down my street. Easy Street. Easy to get pissed if you're not careful street.

Only the second Mild post this Mild Month. My apologies. I'll just have to have a second Mild Month in May.

Tuesday, 16 March 2010

Mild month again

Oh dear. We're already half way through March and I've not mentioned Mild yet. What is wrong with me. Mild is March month.

I still obsess about Mild, despite drinking it only once a decade. Later this week I'll have a rare opportunity to knock some back. Bottles of Pretty Things 1832 Mild will be delivered on Wednesday. A full-strength Imperial Mild, originally brewed by Truman. Right down my street, what with its 10% plus ABV.

This is also a great opportunity for me to plug my book "Mild!". Easily the best book ever written about Mild Ale. Mostly because I can only think of one other. "Mild!" tells you everything you could ever need to know about Mild. And a whole load more. Then more after that.

Want to expose that arrogant know-it-all in the pub? Well bugger off, because that's probably me. But if you want to know enough to think you can impress a geek in a T-shirt, "Mild!"is the book for you. Unless you're not interested in beer history. In which case, why the hell are you reading this dull blog?

Wednesday, 13 May 2009

Let's Brew Wednesday - 1950 Whitbread Best Ale

Before we go any further, I'd like to observe that use of the word "best" in the name of this beer must be ironic. It's an austerity beer that typifies the touch years immediately after WW II.

I'm still coming to terms with how quickly beers changed during most of the 20th century. The immutable nature of Tetley's Mild misled me. A, rather silly on reflection, assumption I made when first casting my nets in the archives, was that the post WW I logs weren't worth fishing out. How wrong I was.

Brewers struggled in those difficult times. Raw materials, energy and money were scarce. Taxes were high. Food was still rationed. Many pubs had been damaged or destroyed by bombing. Brewery buildings had been unmaintained. Times really were tough.

Just setting the context for this particular beer. One that was drunk by thousands. Tens of thousands. Probably more than that. It was Whitbread's biggest seller. With Whitbread, I always get the feeling that they were doing their best. Trying to brew good beer. Barclay Perkins should rather hang their heads in shame. All that maize and rice.

I'll pass you over to Kristen now . . . .

Just one last thing. I drank a version of this beer back in the 1970's. Only keg, but I drank it because Mild was already a novelty in London. It was in some shitty pub close to Chrisp Street market in the East End.

Now it really is Kristen's turn.


Whitbread 1950 Best Ale





Its Mild month...again...hooray!!!! We covered quite a bit of the older milds, pre-war, interwar, etc. I thought that I would show you how different the same beer can be in the same year. You'll notice that this beer was done by Ron a few months ago. You'll also notice that that log entry was from December, this is from June. Although the theme is quite similar, the way to get there is quite different. When I look over the log for this beer it really seems like they were trying to make the most amount of beer the cheapest way possible. Looks like a 'Fire Sale' to me. Which I'll get to now...

Grist:
Whoa mama! Look at this trainwreck. Count them, FOUR, different pale malts. One could argue for their use with regards to complexity. Bullocks I say. What it looks like is they were cleaning the cupboards. Little of this, little of that, etc etc. So when I brewed this I made sure and use 4 different English pale malts, one being a mild malt. Get creative if you like. Just make sure and stay away from pils and 6-row for this recipe. In a pinch, American two-row will work fine. That is beside the point as the amounts of crystal and dark sugars are approximately the same.

When you look at the sugars you'll see the ubiquitous No 3 invert sugar. We've talked before about this bad boy and its lack of use nearly anywhere I've seen. Again, you can mimic this character quite easily. If you combine the pounds of all of the sugars in this recipe you can replace about 10-20% of it with treacle and the rest use Golden Syrup or the like. This log actually has a good bit of info in it as you can see with them divulging where the sugar goes (e.g., which gyle/copper). Its very interesting to see that more of the sugar goes in the second copper than the first in that the majority of the time brewers are happy to let the 2nd, or even 3rd, copper have a very low gravity. Check it out: Copper No 1 = 4cwt Hay, 4cwt Mort No. 3 and Copper No 2 = 2cwt Hay, 8cwt Mort No 3.

Hops:
Not entirely horrible but not great either. Most of the references for middle Kent hops I've seen refer specifically to Fuggle, being the most widely grown in mid-Kent, so we'll stick with these. This is the first log that I've seen where the beer isn't brewed for more than an hour. Let alone is it boiled for only an hour, the second copper is boiled for only 45 minutes. Inasmuch, I would highly doubt that Whitbread would go to the trouble of such a short boil and add hops more than once....so they all go in at the begining.

Mash:
From the amount crystal and sugar you'll notice they make up about 11-12% of the grist. This is not entire huge but it isn't small either. Adding to that the fact that this beer is mashed at such a low temperature (145-6F) one could expect that this beer would be quite thing. This really isn't the case at all. Look at the lousy attenuation of this beer. Beers that start so low usually finish much drier, ESPECIALLY when mashed so low. The simple explanation is the unfermentable sugars the crystal and invert sugars leave behind.

Tasting notes:
Mostly bready with hints of dark fruits and rich caramel. A touch of caramel sweetness supports pear drops and Scottish toffees. Very easy to drink pale mild [Er, it's actually a Dark Mild - about 100 EBC. The No.3 invert sugar and Hay "M" would have been the source of the colour. RP.] without a lot of elbows. The perfect pint to drink with a fist of Scotch.

Monday, 23 February 2009

Let's brew 1860 Truman XXX Mild

Not quite the Imperial Mild I mentioned yesterday. I'm working my way up to that. Just a Triple Mild, or XXX as the Victorians knew it.

Mild has changed quite a bit over the years. The beer below, Truman XXX Mild from 1860, is a typical strong Mild from the mid-19th century. Not many people today would imagine that Mild could have such a high gravity. 1087º in this case. You'll not that the beer is pale in colour, too. With half the grain bill white malt, it must have been pretty pale.

Before anyone brings it up, I'll apologise for the missing details. Truman logs of this period don't mention mashing times or boil times. In fact, the mashing details overall are a bit vague. I think I've manged to work out what little there is. The temperatures do look a bit high, though.


As a special treat, here's the log:


See if I've missed anything.

More tomorrow. Maybe even at last an Imperial Mild.

Sunday, 22 February 2009

Let's brew 1920 Fuller's XX Mild!

Fiddling around trying to get page numbers into "Mild!" I got to read most of the contents again. It contains some information I've never published elsewhere. A collection of Mild recipes, for example. Then I remembered a broken promise.

Last year during Mild month I promised you some Mild recipes. I forgot and all you got were images of old brewing logs. So, as part of my March is Mild Month project, I'm finally fulfilling that promise of nine months back.

So here's a good example of a Best Mild from between the wars, Fuller's XX from 1920.


More tomorrow. I've done Best Mild. Maybe it'll be Imperial Mild next.

Saturday, 31 May 2008

Did Porter become Mild?

One final post for Mild month. Some writers maintain that, rather than disappearing, Porter was transformed into Dark Mild. Is this true? Is there any evidence to support the theory?

I'll lay my cards on the table at the start. The theory is bollocks. OK, I guess you'll need a little more than just that simple assertion to convince you. Here goes.


What did "mild" mean?
In the 19th century "mild" meant young or unaged. It was used in subtly different ways and I believe this is responsible for some of the confusion over the relationship between Mild Ale and Porter.

In 19th century texts "mild" is used in two different senses. The first is to refer to a specific type of beer, Mild Ale. The second is to just young beer in general. So if you read a sentence like "Most of the new trade is for mild." it doesn't mean specifically Mild Ale was the greater part of new trade, but young beer. It's an important distinction.

Towards the middle of the 19th century there was a switch in public taste away from Entire (aged Porter) to Ale and mild. Not necessarily to Mild Ale. Increasingly, Porter was sold mild, that is unaged. Simultaneously Ale was becoming more popular. Specifically X-Ales. These were usually sold young as Mild Ales, though Old Ale existed, too.


Did Porter and Mild merge?
I can say this with certainty: not in the London brewers' logs I've looked at.

Let's look at Barclay Perkins. For a couple of decades at the beginning of the 1800's they only brewed Porter and Stout. No Ales of any description. Around 1850-ish they reintroduced Ales and built a new brewhouse to produce them. The brewery was divided into "Porter side" and "Ale side". They operated independently of each other and had separate brewing logs. It's hard to imagine a greater distinction than that between their Mild Ale and Porter.

For reasons I've still not worked out, Barclay Perkin's Porter was always called TT within the brewery. Their Mild Ales had the inspiring names of X, XX and XXX. My last sighting of TT in their logs was in 1937, when it was a poor shadow of it's former self with an on OG of just 1027. In that same year, they were brewing two Mild Ales, X and XX at 1035 and 1043 respectively. I can see no merging there.

What about the grists? In the 19th century the Barclay Perkins Milds were 100% pale malt. Their Porter was pale malt, brown malt and black malt. Not much similarity there. As their X Ale grew darker it started to include amber malt, dark sugar and caramel. But no brown malt (with the exception of during WW I), the defining element of London Porter. These are the malts used in the late 1930's:

Porter: Oats, amber malt, brown malt, crystal malt, roast barley, mild malt.
X: Amber malt, crystal malt, mild malt, pale malt.


To conclude
Dark Mild and Porter existed alongside each other for decades and were brewed from very different grists. I think that torpedoes the Porter becomes Dark Mild theory and send it to a watery grave. (Which is coincidentally what Porter had, a watery end.)

Thursday, 22 May 2008

Mild Ale (according to a German)

Here's a special treat for Mild Month. Schönfeld's description of Mild Alefrom "Die Herstellung Obergähriger Bier".

The book has a big section on British Ales (as opposed to German Ales - you must be getting well fed up of me banging on about this - don't worry, I'll be continuing for several more years). I hadn't looked at it until today. On the positive site, the author seems to quite like Mild. Pale Ale he absolutely hates and writes it's impossible for a German to drink more than two glasses of it.

I was interested in his description of the colour of Mild. Remember that the book was published in 1902. It's sometimes difficult to know what an author means with colour descriptions, but "deep gold" does not mean dark in my book.

Apologies for the translation. The sentence structure in the original is almost as bad as Marcel Proust. Sentences that fill a whole paragraph. You can't accuse me of that.

"In the group Ales, there's another beer, which in contrast to the heavily-hopped, light Pale Ale is characterised by a mild and very malty flavour and a darker, deep gold to brownish-yellow colour, called Mild Ale and forms a special type of beer, which as a result of the low degree of attenuation, the soft, sweet taste, the low level of hopping and a colour resembling our Lagerbier, forms an intermediary step between Pale Ales and Stouts. It is a draught beer and is especially well brewed in London.

It doesn't keep anything like as well as Pale and Bitter Ales, since it does not have a high degree of attenuation, nor is heavily hopped, nor dry-hopped it doesn't have such a good protection against bacterial infection as these, which are stored for months in unpressurised barrels without falling prey to light bacterial sicknesses and also can be stored long, in some circumstances months longer, in bottles, where in the beginning they also sit for quite a long time without the protection of CO2, but are still so resistant to bacterial infections that they can be kept for an unusually long time."

Sunday, 18 May 2008

Let's Brew Mild!

I always deliver on my promises. I told you I'd be posting some Mild recipes. Here they are:

Whitbread 1881 XXX:


Barclay Perkins 1925 X:


Whitbread 1940 XX:


Barclay Perkins 1941 X:


I haven't got time to extract the details. There's a beer festival to go to. PINT's Meibokfestival. If I don't drink too much (ha, ha, ha) I may do that later. Up until then, you're on your own. One small tip - the gravity in the 1881 Whiybread log is given in brewer's pounds.

Saturday, 17 May 2008

Whither Mild?

Mild might have lived a long and (mostly) happy life, but what is its future?

Here are a few of my thoughts on how it might live on.


As coloured ordinary Bitter
A lot of this goes on. Probably more than is healthy. Some breweries who only brew small amounts of Mild make it by basically adding caramel to ordinary Bitter.

This isn't a cheering prospect. The skills of brewing Mild would be lost, though the name might live on. As a stop gap, keeping the style alive and in public consciousness, it may be a necessary evil. Longterm, it's unlikely to save Mild.

This is an ironic one. As, when sales of it fell to low to justify a separate brew, Brown Ale often lived on as Mild that had been interfered with. Basically sweetened Mild. In all the Brown Ale logs I've seen from the 1930's, it's a specific brew, unrelated to the brewery's Mild.


As a seasonal special
In May, obviously. This already seems to be happeneing, with many Milds dusted off and brought out as a one-off for Mild month. If it keeps Mild-brewing skills ticking over ib breweries that no longer make it regularly, this is no bad thing of itself. But it does marginalise what was once just a standard everyday beer. And should the Mild Month initiative ever fizzle out, surely many examples would be lost.


As a beer festival special
This already happens, too. Brewers either revive their discontinues Mild for a festival, or only brew Mild to order. As in the above case, this is leaving the life-support machine on rather than rousing the patient from its coma. At least with Mild Month there's a specific trigger each year to prompt Mild brewing. Brewing it as a special on an ad hoc basis is more likely to fade away and die.


As a stronger beer
As I've already explained in my definitive "A Short History of Mild", Mild as just a very weak beer is a relatively recent phenomenon. I'm old enough to remember brewers with both a Mild and a Best Mild. Perhaps pre-war style Milds with an OG of 1040 to 1050 might help create a new market. Or even stronger pre-WW I versions, with an OG of 1050 upwards (the sky is the limit).

One of Mild's particular features is the incredible range of gravities to which it's been brewed - 1024 to 1105. What other style can match that spread? Perhaps it's time for Mild to break out of its low-gravity ghetto.


As a standard beer in every pub
Despite my best efforts to the contrary, you can't make the clock run backwards. I don't see Mild once again becoming an everyday beer, sold in every pub and rivalling Lager and Bitter for popularity. Just can't see that happening. Perhaps once Mild has been all but forgotten, along with its damaging old- bloke-in-a-flat-cap image. I would be gobsmacked if Mild could even get a 5% market share. Delighted, but gobsmacked.


As a memory
It's still possible that Mild will disappear altogether from Britain. As Porter did. Depressing, but possible. Then, in 2060, some small brewery looking for something unusual will excavate an old recipe from the archives and bring Mild flickering back to life.


Summary
If you'd asked me 10 years ago, I would have said that I expected Mild to die out within my lifetime. Will it? Possibly not. If only because the odd American brewery is bound to give the style a try every now and again. Does it have a future as a mainstream beer? I doubt it. But weird things happen. Fashion is a fickle beast.

I expect Mild will just about cling on in the UK, but not as a beer brewed year-round. Except, perhaps, with the odd exception here and there. How many Milds are currently available 12 months a year? And how many occasionally or for part of the year? It would be interesting to know and reveling to track any change in the proportion of permanent to occasional. Where on earth do I get hold of the numbers?

Thursday, 15 May 2008

When is a Dortmunder Imperial?

I've been asking myself this question a lot of late. When is a Dortmunder Imperial? Logic would say that it would need to be brewed in an Empire.

Problem is, there aren't many empires left. The Russian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, British and Austo-hungarian Empires are long gone. As are the Chinese, Indian and Turkish. Even the Central African Empire has become a republic. Where is there left to brew a genuine Imperial beer?

Whether or not the United States was ever an empire is a contentious issue. Politics are beyond my remit, so don't expect an opinion from me. Just an observation. Where are most beers labelled Imperial brewed? Why are brewers in a republic so keen on the word?

. . . . . .


Because this is Mild Month, here's an extra bonus: some new Mild styles:
  • Mild Extra Super Special (MESS)
  • Cascade-Hopped American Super Mild (CHASM)
  • Triple Russian Imperial Mild (TRIM)
  • Republican American Mild (RAM)
  • Democratic American Mild (DAM)

Wednesday, 14 May 2008

Lager Mild

It's still May. Time for another of my Mild series.

Or should that be Mild Lager? Whatever. I've always tried to recreate the Mild experience, whether it meant mixing beers or just looking for the one that most resembled Mild.

Prague
My first encounter with dark lager was in Prague. This was back in 1983. My train arrived at 08:00 and I was in U Fleků by 09:00. At the time, Fleků was still a classic pub. In the summer it did tend to fill up with Germans (both flavours, East and West), but there were usually a good few Czechs in, too. They still used proper 0.5l mugs, not the joke .04l ones they now use. The waiters weren't perpetually trying to con you, either. They just thunked beer down in front of you when your glass was almost empty. Proper service. It saddens me whenever I go there now. The idiots that own it have destroyed its soul for short-term gain. And it is short-term, because the place used to be packed. I'm certain they could generate more income by lowering the prices, serving proper measures and having waiters who behave normally. It's a sobering reminder of how even the greatest pub can be destroyed overnight by poor management.

I'd never tasted anything like Fleků 's dark lager before. Rich, complex, dark, strong, a lager. It didn't make sense. This wasn't lager as I knew it. It was a surprise, but a pleasant one. I spent many a happy hour sitting at one of its enormous tables, slurping down the delicious stuff. That it was stupidly cheap (somewhere between 3 and 4 crowns) was just extra encouragement.

Back in the 1980's the beers available in Prague pubs were more limited than they are now. Virtually everywhere sold just one, usually either 10º or 12º pale. After the war most pubs had sold both pale and dark lager, but, I think for ease of service more than anything, most had cut back to just one during the 1960's. It left dark beer pretty rare in Prague city centre. There was U Fleků , of course. Finding the dark lagers from the other Prague breweries was trickier.

Měšťan brewed an 11º Tmavé that was available in a few places. It was OK, but not my favourite. Sweetish and a bit thin. A bit like Bass Mild from Tadcaster. Acceptable if nothing better was on offer, but not a beer you would seek out.

Then I stumbled on U Malvaze (Karlova 10). It's not difficult to find, being just 50 meters from Charles Bridge, on the road that leads to it from the Staré Mesto. It's not a huge pub. Just a single square room. Ah, but the beer. It sold Braník 12º Tmavé, the queen of Prague beers. So much better than the Měšťan, drier, better balanced, but still malty. After the first sip it was one of my favourites. I'd liken it to Shippo's Mild. A beer I actively hunted down.

When the Czech government started selling off its breweries after 1990, it did it in the stupidest way possible. In the communist days, the breweries had been grouped together by location. The new capitalist government decided to sell off these regional groups as single entities. As a result was that the new owners would have half a dozen or more breweries withing a 50 km radius. Unsurprisingly, they then preceded to close most of them.

Thus all the Prague brewereies, with the exception of U Fleku, ended up in the hands of Bass. Staropramen, Měšťan and Braník, all had a single owner. Almost immediately they started baring down each breweries range. Braník's flagship 13º pale disappeared almost immediately. Soon the only Měšťan beer you ever saw was the unexciting 11º Tmavé. The brand that Bass pushed was Staropramen. Staropramen 10º and 12º pale, to be specific.

I drank plenty of Czech beer before 1989. The quality was incredibly high. I never had a bad one and most were pretty good, no matter what size brewery it came from. Staropramen was about my least favourite. A bit bland. So it should come as no surprise that it was Staropramen that Bass chose to push.

Then came disaster. In another bout of rationalisation, the wonderful Braník 12º Tmavé was dropped in favour of the unspectacular Měšťan 11º Tmavé. The classic Prague beer was gone. Did drinkers complain? I'd like to hope that they did.

The classic Prague beer a dark lager? Yes. Around 1900, dark lager was the standard beer in Prague, just as it was in Munich. And Braník was, in my opinion, the pick of the bunch.

Perversely, there's a lot more dark lager in Prague pubs that there was 20 years ago. Staropramen have their own crappy 10º Tmavé. Budvar's 12º dark is a bit better, though still on the bland side. Pilsner Urquell pubs sell Velkepopovické 10º Tmavé. It's sweet and thinnish, but serves well as a Mild substitute. Ten years back it was Purkmistr Tmavé. An excellent beer. Then they closed the brewery (too near to the one in Pilsen). Typical. Given a choice between a good and a crap brewery, large companies will always pick the good one to close.


Munich
It wasn't until the early 1990's that I first made it to Munich. Knowing Dunkles was the traditional local favourite, I was pretty excited.

First stop was the massive Löwenbräu brewery tap. It's a typical chunk of sturdy and ornate Gründerzeit architecture. That's the period when Germany was united and undergoing rapid industrialisation. There's a self-confidence about the buildings of that time that you don't see after WW I.

Löwenbräu did their reputation a deal of harm with substandard versions brewed under licence outside Germany. That's why my expectations of their beer were so low. Their Dunkles was a very pleasant surprise: sweetish, but nutty and full-flavoured. Sinking a few pints of it was no problem.

I had the opportunity to try their rivals dark lagers in the centre of Munich. Augustiner Grossgaststätte has several things going for it. It's on the main shopping street, which is pretty handy. It's beautiful. It's on the original site of the Augustiner brewery. It sells beer straight from the wood. And they have Augustiner Dunkles. The pick of the Munich Dunkles.

Like Mild, Munich Dunkles isn't about extreme flavours. Harmony, subtlety and a nutty maltiness are its distinguishing features. Easy to see why neither are brewed much in the USA. They aren't beers to grab tou by the throat or strip your tastebuds. No, they're for drinking by the pint. Preferably at least four of five at a sitting. Beer to promote conversation, not club you into silence.

Back to Munich. Further along the main drag, about halfway to Weisses Brauhaus, is a Paulane house. I can't remember the name. It's not a particularly great pub, but it's pleasant enough sitting outside. Here I had my first taste of Paulaner Dunkles. Like the pub, it's pleasant enough, under the right circumstances. Like all Paulaner's beers, it's gone down in quality over the last ten years.

Hofbräu is available in the Hofbräuhaus, also right in the centre of town. I don't know if it's my subconscious at work, but I've never cared for the beer or the pub. My first time there, I can remember sitting close to a group of Japanese. They were staring at the huge piles of pork on their plates with a mixture of shock and horror. Funnily enough, that just about summed up my emotions, too.

It's not only Dark Lager Mild on sale in Munich pubs. Even more common is Light Lager Mild, or Helles as they insist on calling it. Gradually as the 20th century progressed Helles eased out Dunkles as the local favourite. Malt-accented and lightly-hopped, Light Mild isn't such a bad way of describing it. Augustiner is again the best of the bunch. Good old Augustiner. I'd be so upset if some globalist got their paws on them.

With almost universal availability of pale and dark versions, I can unhesitatingly call Munich the Lager Mild capital of the world.

Tuesday, 13 May 2008

Mild but not meek

You may have noticed that May is Mild month. Here's another post in my short series.

It's hard to imagine today, but for most of its history Mild wasn't a weak beer. In Victorian times, X Ales were brewed to a wide range of strengths. Even the weakest, plain old X, was 1055º or more. The strongest, XXX or XXXX, had OGs as high as 1105º. What would such beers have been like?

There have been a few stronger Milds - Sarah Hughes Ruby Mild, for example - brewed to 6-7% ABV. But as far as I know, no-one has attempted to recreate a really strong Mild. Something 1100+. I think you can guess where this is leading. Sounds like a good candidate for my revival series.

They aren't complicated beers. 100% pale malt and a few Goldings. And a relatively high FG. Doesn't sound too difficult, does it? For a London Ale, I guess the water should be soft, too.

Griffin XXX from 1839 looks a good bet. Not quite sure what I'll pair it with. Maybe a Whitbread XXX from the 1920's. That's if they get the nod from Menno. There's no point brewing beers no-one wants to buy. And the next beers in the series, the two Barclay Perkins IBSt's, haven't been brewed yet.

How would I describe one of these strong Milds? Obvious if you think about it: Imperial Mild. I'm sure that will go down well in the US. Or maybe ESM - Extra Special Mild. How about this for Mild categories:

X: Mild, OG 1060
XX: Best Mild, OG 1075
XXX: Extra Special Mild, OG 1090
XXXX: Imperial Mild, OG 1105

Or maybe Single Mild, Double Mild, Triple Mild and Quadruple Mild. Decisions, decisions.

Any thoughts?

Monday, 12 May 2008

Why do beer styles disappear?

May is Mild month, at least according to CAMRA. I'm a loyal . . . hang on. I've done this bit already, haven't I?

Mild, its seemingly inevitable decline and probable extinction have got me thinking. Dangerous, I know. Why do beer styles die out and where do they go after death? Is there a style heaven? (I don't need to speculate about style hell. That's here on earth.)

The heyday of Mild was approximately 1850 to 1960. Not a bad run. After that serious, accelerating decline set in. Here are the depressings facts in number form:

As Porter amply demonstrates, the key to longterm survival is a wide geographical reach. Porter died out in its homeland around 1940, in its second home of Ireland about 1970. Yet it continued to be brewed elsewhere. The first truly international style, it was able to escape fickle fashion in one particular country. By 1850 Porter was brewed across the northern hemisphere and was widely exported to the southern. Only pale lager is brewed in more countries.

The history of Mild is very different. It was never a big export beer. It was only every really brewed in Britain. When interest faded in the UK, there was no safe foreign haven where it could continue to prosper. Why did Mild so lack international appeal? The dominant styles that preceded and succeeded it - Porter and Pale Ale - were drunk around the globe. Why wasn't Mild?

The more local a style is, the more prone it is to extinction. A look at the recent casualties and some of those most under threat confirms this:
  • Leipziger Gose
  • Berliner Weisse
  • Lichtenhainer
  • Grodziskie/Grätzer
  • Münster Alt
All are closely connected with a very limited geographical area. All the names include a town.

Will Mild recover and thrive once more? I doubt it. I can't think of a style that has come back from a similar terminal decline to be anything more than a novelty or speciality. I can't see Mild ever being available in every British pub again. Look at Porter. It may have risen from the dead, but what percentage of pubs stock it regularly? Not even 1%, would be my guess.

I could take comfort from Export in Germany. It's sort of Light Mild to Pilsner's Bitter. It went from being the nation's favourite to an endangered species in little more than a decade:
But see what's happened. In the last few years. Its market share has started to rise again. It may be just a blip, but I'll be watching developments closely.

Perhaps some other nation will take Mild to its heart. Mild could be the spearhead of a non-extreme beer movement in the USA. It could, but I doubt that it will. In its modern incarnation Mild is a delicate flower. It only really works in cask-conditioned form. For bottling, it's too weak and kegging it destroys its subtleties. And subtlety is what modern Mild is all about. If it wants to flourish again, it will need to adapt and mutate.

I would love to get a strong Mild brewed. A 19th century XXX Ale. That might appeal more to today's beer freaks. Something of 8 or 9% ABV. In my polls, beers of this type haven't done well. They've garnered next to no votes. Is it just a matter of eduction, or is there really that little interest?

Charts created by Andrew Kempton Pattinson (my son).

Saturday, 10 May 2008

A Short History of Mild

May is Mild month. At least that's what CAMRA says and I'm a loyal member. Time to write something about Mild.

You'll often see mention of Mild as one of the oldest beer styles. That's sort of true. Only sort of. Mild Ale was around at least as long ago as 1700. But what was it like and how does it compare with modern Mild?


The 18th century

First a crash course in old British beer terminology. In the 18th century there were two quite distinct types of malt liquor: Beer and Ale. Beer had first been brewed in the 1500's when hops began to be imported. Ale had been around since Saxon times. Originally, Ale had been unhopped, but by 1700 did contain small quantities of hops. Simple isn't it: Ale lightly hopped, Beer heavily hopped.

Both Beer and Ale were brewed to a variety of strengths from a variety of base malts. So you had Pale Ale, Amber Ale and Brown Ale; Pale Beer, Amber Beer and Brown Beer. These could be made to many strengths, Common being standard strength, Stout the strongest. Only Beer was usually made at the weakest strengths: Table Beer or Small Beer.

A further method of classifying malt liquors was their age. Ones sold young were described as Mild. Ones that had been aged were called Keeping or Stale. Most (but not all Ales) were sold "mild", but some beers were, too. Porter is a good example of a Brown Beer that was often sold "mild" from the 1700's right up until its demise in the 1940's. The big London brewers all made Mild Porter and Keeping Porter, which were often mixed before sale.

You can see that in the 1700's Mild Ale was a very vague term. It covered Ales of all colours and all strengths. It wasn't as much as style as a description of the level of conditioning. None of the beers described as Mild Ale at this time has any but the slightest similarity with modern Mild. Even the weakest would have had an OG of at least 1050º. Mild Brown Ale, brewed from 100% brown malt must have had the roasty flavour of London Porter, just with a much lower level of hopping.

The confusion starts with the introduction of new-style, heavily-hopped Pale Ales at the end of the 1700's. Lets make one thing clear: Pale Ale does not belong to the Ale family. It's a Beer. It should really be called Pale Beer, but I guess that doesn't quite sound as good. Pale Ales mentioned in early 18th century brewing texts are completely different, hopped at less than a quarter of the rate of later Pale Ales. Don't believe me? Take a look at 19th century brewery price lists. Pale Ale is never listed with the other Ales. One of the synonyms for Pale Ale - Bitter Beer - is far more accurate.

1800

There was another big change around 1800: the base malts used. A big increase in the malt tax to finance the Napoleonic Wars made brewers look for ways of cutting costs. Coincidentally, this was also the period when the hydrometer was coming into common use in British breweries. Brewers soon noticed that the better yield from pale malt more than outweighed the lower price of darker malts. Soon all British malt liquors, even very dark beers like Porter and Stout, were being brewed from a base of pale malt.

We're now at the early years of the 19th century. The start of the period for which I've seen brewing records. This is also the period when the X system of classifying Ales came into use. The base level Mild Ale, X Ale, had an OG of around 1070º in the 1830's. That's stronger than Pale Ale, which was 1060-1065º. It was usually brewed from 100% pale malt, though I've seen a couple that use a tiny amount of black malt - about 0.5%. It's bigger brothers, XX and XXX Ale were respectively 1085º and 1100º. They were 100% pale malt.

Let's look at some examples from London's Griffin brewery:

X 1073 2.08 lbs hops per barrel
XX 1089 3.12 lbs hops per barrel
XXX 1105 3.75 lbs hops per barrel
IPA 1057 5.88 lbs hops per barrel


1900

Over the course of the 19th century Ale gravities dropped. By 1900, X Ale had an OG of about 1055º. It was still brewed from a base of pale malt, though some brewers had taken advantage of the 1880 Free Mash Tun Act to use sugar and adjuncts like maize or rice. No modern Mild bears much resemblance to such Ales. What differentiated them from Pale Ale wasn't colour or gravity, but a lower hopping rate and higher FG which made them maltier, sweeter and fuller-bodied.

Here are some examples from Whitbread in 1901:

X OG 1052.6, FG 1011, 90% pale malt, 10% sugar, 1.34 lbs of hops per barrel
PA OG 1060.9, FG 1017, 79.76% pale malt, 20.24% sugar, 2.77 lbs of hops per barrel
IPA OG 1051.3. FG 1013, 78.74% pale malt, 21.26% sugar, 2.65 lbs of hops per barrel

Only after 1900 did X Ale start becoming darker. At first it was the use of crystal and amber malts. Such beers would have been dark amber, noticeably darker than Pale Ales of the period but not as dark as modern Dark Mild. Pales were about 28º Lovibond (on the 1 inch scale), X Ale 42º. A modern Dark Mild would be 80-120º.


WW I

By the time WW I broke out, Mild had an OG of around 1050º. Some were starting to become the dark colour we would expect, but many were still a dark amber. Dark brewing sugar (Garton's N0. 3) added in the kettle or caramel added later were used to obtain these darker shades. More rarely, chocolate or brown malt were used.

Grain shortages towards the end of WW I had a dramatic impact on British brewing. Gravities were limited by law - at one point the average OG of all the beer produced by a brewery could be no higher than 1030º. As brewers made most money on stronger beers outside government price controls, there was a big incentive to drop the gravities of the cheapest and biggest selling beer - X Ale - well below 1030º. Some were barely over 1020º.

Yet oddly enough, some of the Government Ale (price-restricted Ale) doesn't look that awful. There's a Barclay Perkins version that is only 1027 but uses an interesting mix of pale, amber and brown malt.


1920's and 1930's

After the end of brewing restrictions in the early 1920's, Mild gravities bounced back to around 1043º. Still significantly stronger than just about all modern Milds. This is where they stayed for the next decade. Barclay Perking brewed an X Ale that was dark amber in a natural state, but of which some was darkened with caramel.

The next big change came in 1931, when the tax on beer was massively increased. The effect was almost as dramatic as that of WW I. Beer production slumped and breweries slashed the gravities of their Milds down to 1035-1036º. Though some, like Barclay Perkins, introduced a "new" XX Ale that was basically just their pre-budget X Ale. At this period they were producing no fewer than five variations of their basic X and XX Ales: straight X Ale (amber in colour), X Ale darkened with caramel, X Ale darkened with caramel and sweetened; straight XX Ale (amber in colour) and XX Ale darkened with caramel.


WW II

Standard Mild remained in the mid 1030's until 1940, when new wartime shortages and restrictions gradually began to chip away at gravities. By 1945 it was in the range 1027-1032º.

By the 1950's, most Milds were either dark or pale, with only the odd amber version surviving. Gravities crept back up a little, to their modern level of 1030-1035º.

So there you have it: a short history of Mild Ale. The Dark Mild that we know today only really dates back to the 1930's. I bet you thought it was older than that, didn't you?