British hop imports in the 20th century

It's one of those special treat days. Where, as a reward for being good, I give you a bug, fat, juicy table. Several tables, in fact

The tables in question have details of the hops grown, imported, exported and used in the UK from 1857 to 1954. So almost 100 years' worth of hoppy fun.

One of the drums I particularly like to bang is about Britain's dependence on foreign hops in the second half of the 19th century. You can see it clearly in the table. Between 1870 and 1900 Britain imported 100,00-200,000 cwts. of hops each year and accounting for probably about a third of the hops used.

I'd expected that. What I hadn't foreseen was how steeply imports fell off after WW I. By 1924 they were at about half the level of  1900. By the 1930's, hop imports had halved again, averaging about 37,000 cwts. a year 1930 to 1938. That's quite a turnaround.

WW II basically brought imports to a halt, and though there was a small boom in 1946, after 1949 the quantities imported were minimal.

This table shows how the use of foreign hops declined:

Percentage of imported hops used
year	% of hops used in UK	year	% of hops used in UK	year	% of hops used in UK	year	% of hops used in UK
1920	100.34%	1930	15.93%	1940	5.84%	1950	0.12%
1921	54.35%	1931	22.91%	1941	0.01%	1951	0.27%
1922	38.80%	1932	6.71%	1942	1.28%	1952	0.22%
1923	3.46%	1933	19.21%	1943	0.08%	1953	0.47%
1924	24.72%	1934	12.08%	1944	0.00%	1954	1.41%
1925	25.41%	1935	13.62%	1945	0.25%
1926	10.38%	1936	11.80%	1946	13.43%
1927	29.31%	1937	14.54%	1947	3.33%
1928	20.66%	1938	15.80%	1948	1.96%
1929	20.24%	1939	2.95%	1949	0.39%
Sources:
Brewers' Almanack 1955, page 63.
1971 Brewers'Almanack, page 54
1928 Brewers' Almanack, page 119

The reason for the fall in imports can be explained very simply: the gravity drop caused by WW I. The weaker beer produced after the war required fewer hops. As the level of UK production had remained relatively unchanged, for the first time in many decades Britain was almost self-sufficent in hops.

It's interesting that, despite all the upheavals of two world wars, British hop production was relatively stable between 1890 and 1850. As this table demonstrates:

Average annual UK hop production
years	cwt.
1890	283,629
1900	347,894
1910	302,675
1920 - 1929	302,241
1930 - 1939	235,930
1946 - 1947	284,797
Sources:
1928 Brewers' Almanack, page 119
Brewers' Almanack 1955, page 63.

The main table also shows the volatility of the price of hops. The price could change by 100% or more from one season to the next. For example, 1928 to 1929, 1932 to 1934 and 1933 to 1934.

Hop exports increased significantly after WW I, but nmuch of this is explained by Irish independence. After 1923 hops shipped to the Republic of Ireland were counetd as exports. In the years 1923 to 1925 this acoounts for most of the hops exported.
 

Hops: home production and imports 1857 - 1954
Year ended 31st Dec.	Acreage	Estimated Produce	Yield per acre	Average Price of English Hops per Season, Sept. to Dec.	Imports: Less Re-Exports	Exports: British Hops	Consumption Years ended 30th Sept. following
		Cwts.	Cwts.	£ s. d.	Cwts.	Cwts.	Cwts.
1857	50,974	426,049	8.35	4 2 8	18,711
1860	46,271	99,667	2.15	17 5 0	68,918
1870	60,594	700,000	11.55	3 7 8	127,853	3,365
1880	66,698	440,000	6.60	4 6 0	195,987	7,218
1890	53,961	283,629	5.26	10 9 4	181,698	6,164
1900	51,308	347,894	6.78	5 18 8	198,494	14,999
1910	32,886	302,675	9.20	5 6 6	172,032	8,927
1914	33,661	507,258	13.84	4 3 9	83,690	9972	450,231
1915	34,744	254,101	7.31	6 7 0	199,347	8,288
1916	31,352	307,856	9.82	6 14 0	146,150	10,765	263,386
1917	16,946	225,763	13.32	8 15 0	8,530	12,796
1918	15,666	130,491	8.3	18 15 0	259	6,923	503,140
1919	16,745	187,795	11.21	20 5 0	154,091	2,606
1920	21,002	281,042	13.4	19 10 0	455,799	3,672	454,258
1921	25,133	224,172	8.9	19 10 0	216,571	2,200	398,506
1922	26,452	301,000	11.4	12 0 0	127,539	2,818	328,688
1923	24,893	229,000	9.2	14 10 0	12,111	22,051	350,428
1924	25,897	444,000	17.1	10 5 0	89,632	44,316	362,554
1925	26,256	355,000	13.5	10 15 0	90,305	44,541	355,376
1926	25,599	332,000	13	11 5 0	35,040	78,574	337,721
1927	23,004	255,000	11.1	12 10 0	96,917	54,630	330,662
1928	23,805	242,100	10.2	11 16 0	66,183	17,651	320,315
1929	23,986	359,100	15	5 0 0	62,208	13,192	307,289
1930	19,997	253,000	12.6	4 15 0	44,199	22,302	277,406
1931	19,628	169,000	8.7	7 5 0	50,303	22,388	219,587
1932	16,531	188,000	11.4	9 15 0	14,952	19,264	222,868
1933	16,895	210,000	12.8	16 10 0	44,829	20,298	233,419
1934	18,037	259,000	14.4	9 0 0	30,046	13,382	248,744
1935	18,251	248,300	13.6	9 0 0	35,186	16,223	258,300
1936	18,317	252,000	13.7	9 0 0	31,953	19,987	270,692
1937	18,093	235,000	13	9 0 0	40,406	16,130	277,846
1938	18,460	257,000	13.9	9 0 0	45,287	12,580	286,716
1939	18,812	288,000	15.3	9 10 0	7,840	16,050	265,512
1940	18,592	270,500	14.5	12 0 0	14,675	26,830	251,354
1941	18,158	262,800	14.5	15 0 0	31	17,209	223,007
1942	18,420	261,900	14.2	17 10 0	2,963	30,673	231,689
1943	19,131	285,200	14.9	18 0 0	198	24,941	243,900
1944	19,603	253,900	13	20 0 0	--	26,525	244,822
1945	19,957	282,900	14.1	21 0 0	574	32,337	226,197
1946	21,163	257,451	13.4	22 10 0	29,243	35,056	217,759
1947	22,142	289,908	13.2	23 10 0	7,716	31,661	231,470
1948	22,787	273,584	12	25 15 0	4,561	29,135	233,168
1949	22,196	250,406	11.3	26 10 0	900	42,301	232,979
1950	22,198	368,313	16.6	21 0 0	269	84,027	229,106
1951	22,460	321,824	14.3	26 0 0	626	107,738	228,512
1952	22,279	282,349	12.7	28 3 0	502	76,620	225,569
1953	21,932	272,593	12.3	27 10 0	1,015	64,762	216,841
1954	20,760	246,748	11.9	29 0 0	3,075	51,323	217,716
Sources:
Brewers' Almanack 1955, page 63.
1928 Brewers' Almanack, page 119, 1971 Brewers'Almanack, page 54

Replacing American hops

The idea of growing American-style hops isn't a new one. Attempts were already being made before WW II to breed varieties with the characteristics of American hops which could be grown in Britain.

As I've pointed out before, from the 1860's on, large quantities of American hops were used by British breweries.

"American hops also have a characteristic aroma while they possess a high preservative value and impart a rather stronger flavour to the beers. Very few of these hops are used in the mild flavoured beers brewed in the South of England, but most of the brewers in the North and in Scotland use a small proportion, the annual consumption in Great Britain being 20,000 to 30,000 cwt.

An endeavour has been made at Wye College under the direction of Prof. Salmon to produce new varieties of hops having the same characteristics of American hops which could be grown in this country, the idea being, that they could replace imported hops and give the English grower the benefit of the increased output. Up to the present over 500 of these new varieties have been grown up at East Malling Research Station and a large number have been subjected to brewing trials. From the results obtained at least five have been selected as suitable for replacing American hops. These have been named by Prof. Salmon as follows:— Early Promise (X.35), Brewers Favourite (O.P.21), Brewers Gold (C.9a), Bullion Hop (0063), and Fill Pocket (Z.62), and already several of these are being grown on a commercial scale. Growers, however, have been discouraged in their efforts to grow these hops partly by the very low values placed on them by the Hops Marketing Board and partly by the disinclination of the brewers to buy them."
Journal of the Institute of Brewing Volume 46, Issue 4, August 1940, page 276.

To contextualise that quantity of American hops, in 1940 265,512 cwts of hops were used in British brewing*. Which means about 10% of the total came from the USA. That's considerably less than in the 1860's:

British hop imports from USA
year	cwt.
1864	47,625
1869	117,102
Sources:
The Temperance Record, 1870, page 214.
Kentish Gazette - Tuesday 06 March 1866, page 3.

Though that can partly be accounted for by the large drop in the quantities of hops used in Britain. In 1914 it was 559,423 cwts*, more than double the amount used in 1940. The drop in beer gravity as a result of WW I greatly reduced the demand for hops.

Getting back to those new hop varieties, Brewers Gold and Bullion are still going strong. I never realised they were Britain's response to high-alpha acid American varieties. It sounds as if they had a difficult start in the UK. Mostly because of the price growers could get for them.

"Difficulties have also arisen in granting extra acreage for their growth and efforts made to straighten this out have only so far resulted in a deadlock. In view of the exceptionally high preservative value these new varieties possess, growers had anticipated that they would obtain a high valuation and were very discouraged with the low price they received.

. . . . .

The Research Fund Committee has appealed to the Brewers' Society to endeavour to secure a more favourable valuation, from the growers point of view, by the Hops Marketing Board, in order to encourage their growth, and as a result Mr. Toswill, who has had a lengthy experience of these hops, was invited by the Hop Valuation Committee this year to assist them in their valuation.
Journal of the Institute of Brewing Volume 46, Issue 4, August 1940, page 276.

It's understandable that farmers would unwilling to plant these new varieties in large numbers if they didn't feel they would get the price they thought they deserved for them.

Various North American hops had been used as one of the parents for these new varieties:

"While some of these new varieties have been produced from an Oregon hop as parent, those giving the highest yields and the highest preservative value have been produced from a Manitoba or a Mexican hop as the parent. These hybrids possess a rather unusual aroma derived from their parent which has probably had something to do with their low valuation, and certainly appears to be the reason for the lack of enthusiasm on the part of brewers to try them. "Brewers Gold" and "Bullion Hop," both of which are now being planted on a small scale by a few growers, have had repeated brewing trials, and those have proved that the peculiar aroma does not come through into the beer, while the flavour is quite equal to that of choice American hops."
Journal of the Institute of Brewing Volume 46, Issue 4, August 1940, page 276.

In the 19th century American hops were often criticised for having an unusual aroma. Which is why they were mostly used as bittering hops and were often kept for a year or two before use. From this description, it sounds as id Brewers Gold and Bullion really were good substitutes for American hops.

The American habit of prizing hops for their alpha acid content is also nothing new:

"It is interesting to note that in Canada and the U.S.A., where the value of hops is assessed on their preservative value as well as flavour, growers are planting "Brewers Gold" as fast as they can obtain sets from this country. It is quite possible, therefore, that in the not far distant future we shall be importing those in place of the present type of Oregons, which would indeed be paradoxical. It has been a source of keen disappointment to Prof. Salmon, who has devoted 20 years in an endeavour to produce hops capable of replacing those imported from America which can be grown in this country, that when he has achieved his object he should see the prize slipping out of his grasp. It would indeed be fitting if this war was instrumental in enabling him to see his dream realised, which is an additional hop acreage of 3,000 acres planted with his hops."
Journal of the Institute of Brewing Volume 46, Issue 4, August 1940, page 277.

Did the Prof. Salmon's nightmare of Britain importing Brewers Gold and Bullion become reality? Probably.




* 1953 Brewers' Almanack 1955, page 62.

Drybrough PI 1914 - 1919 (part two)

I bet you thought I'd forgotten about this, the second part of my look at Drybrough PI in WW I. I hadn't. Just got distracted by holidays and the like.

And, yes, the quantity of data to fiddle with put me off, too. At this rate my series on Drybrough's beer will last until judgement day. Or maybe a little longer. We may have devolved back into worms by the time I'm done.

Some general remarks to start with. The recipes for all three beers are generally similar: 80% pale malt, 20% sugar (or sugar and flaked maize). Which is pretty typical for all Pale Ales of the period. It's a point I've made many time before, but I'll repeat it again: crystal malt in Pale Ales was almost unknown before WW I and not common until after WW II.

Note that pale malt (or the closely related PA malt) is the only malt used in any of the beers. Though it's also clear that Drybrough's and Fuller's beers have been darkened with some sort of sugar. I suspect that Whitbread were colour adjusting with caramel at racking time. That's what they did after the war to hit their colour standard.

Which begs the question, when did they stop trying to make Pale Ale as pale as possible and start deliberately darkening it? Looking over my tables, it seems Fuller's started adding caramel to AK in 1902. Barclay Perkins started adding caramel to their Ordinary Bitter, XLK, just before the outbreak of WW I. Interesting, that. I wonder what the reason was? Because it's before the big drop in gravity, which would have been an obvious cause.

Whitbread were the most conservative, or consistent, depending on how you look at. As the "other sugar" is almost certainly No. 1 invert, there's almost no change at all. Except that in 1917 and 1918 the percentage of sugar fell, because it was rationed:

"About this [October 1917] time sugar became rationed and brewers were only allowed to use 25 per cent, of the amount they used in 1915."
Journal of the Institute of Brewing Volume 46, Issue 4, August 1940, page 273.

The effect of sugar rationing is also apparent in the grists of Drybrough and Fuller's. In October 1917 the percentage of sugar in Drybrough's PI grist fell from 9% to 5%. At Fuller's the reduction was even more dramatic, from 10-15% to just over 2%.

As a result of the lowering of the amount of sugar used, the malt percentage in the grist went over 90% at all three breweries. Ironic, that a side-effect of the war should be to increase the malt content of beer. Though it is logical. Barley has limited use in feeding humans, whereas the opposite is true of sugar.

British brewers' love of sugar is demonstrated by the fact that when it became available again, the percentage used went back up to pre-war level, or even a little higher.

Drybrough's use of Poperinge hops throughout the war is a bit surprising. Especially as they weren't all from the pre-war crop. In 1918 they were using ones from the 1916 harvest. While Poperinge was in the corner of Belgium unoccupied by the Germans, it was just behind the front lines and subject to shelling and other disruption.

Fuller's used Poperinge hops, too, but only at the start of the war and after its end. The main attraction of this type of hops was their price. They were amongst the cheapest available. For most of the war, like Whitbread, Fuller's used English hops, mostly from Kent. There were plenty to go around. The reduction in demand for hops caused by falling gravities produced a glut of English hops. Only government intervention stopped most farmers going bust.

Drybrough PI 1914 - 1919
Date	Year	Beer	OG	FG	ABV	App. Atten-uation	pale malt	no. 1 sugar	no. 2 sugar	no. 3 sugar	no. 4 sugar	caramel	glucose	other sugar	total sugar	flaked maize	flaked rice	hops
29th Dec	1914	PI	1044.0	1015.0	3.84	65.91%	82.31%	2.89%	5.78%					0.36%	9.03%	4.33%	4.33%	Californian and English
5th Jan	1915	PI	1044.0	1014.0	3.97	68.18%	82.40%	4.29%	5.15%					0.43%	9.87%	7.73%		Californian and English
8th Jan	1915	PI	1044.0	1014.0	3.97	68.18%	73.93%	2.84%	5.69%	5.69%				0.47%	14.69%	11.37%		Californian and English
14th Jul	1915	PI	1044.0	1013.0	4.10	70.45%	81.28%	4.28%	5.70%					0.18%	10.16%	8.56%		Californian and English
14th Dec	1915	PI	1042.0	1013.0	3.84	69.05%	82.62%	2.62%	6.56%					0.33%	9.51%	7.87%		Poperinge and English
7th Jan	1916	PI	1045.0	1014.0	4.10	68.89%	81.47%	3.67%	5.87%			0.18%			9.72%	8.81%		Poperinge and English
18th Jul	1916	PI	1043.0	1013.0	3.97	69.77%	82.07%	3.70%	5.18%			0.18%			9.06%	8.87%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
4th Aug	1916	PI	1043.0	1013.0	3.97	69.77%	82.25%		9.14%			0.18%			9.31%	8.44%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
18th Oct	1916	PI	1042.0	1013.0	3.84	69.05%	81.47%	3.67%	5.87%			0.18%			9.72%	8.81%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
16th Jan	1917	PI	1041.0	1012.0	3.84	70.73%	80.61%	3.84%	6.14%			0.19%			10.17%	9.21%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
13th Feb	1917	PI	1036.0	1012.0	3.18	66.67%	80.50%	3.35%	5.87%			0.21%			9.43%	10.06%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
14th Aug	1917	PI	1035.0	1010.0	3.31	71.43%	85.09%	0.98%	7.82%			0.24%			9.05%	5.87%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
15th Aug	1917	PI	1034.0	1010.0	3.18	70.59%	85.51%	3.80%		1.90%		0.24%		2.85%	8.79%	5.70%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
16th Aug	1917	PI	1035.0	1010.0	3.31	71.43%	80.98%	4.50%	8.90%			0.22%			13.62%	5.40%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
17th Aug	1917	PI	1035.0	1010.0	3.31	71.43%	85.09%	1.96%	4.89%			0.24%		1.96%	9.05%	5.87%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
17th Aug	1917	PI	1029.0	1009.0	2.65	68.97%	85.09%	1.96%	4.89%			0.24%		1.96%	9.05%	5.87%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
20th Aug	1917	PI	1034.0	1010.0	3.18	70.59%	82.15%	0.98%	5.87%			0.24%		1.96%	9.05%	8.80%		Poperinge, New Zealand and English
19th Oct	1917	PI	1033.0	1010.0	3.04	69.70%	90.85%	1.26%	3.79%			0.32%			5.36%	3.79%		Poperinge and English
23rd Oct	1917	PI	1037.0	1011.0	3.44	70.27%	86.65%	0.88%	3.50%			0.22%		0.88%	5.47%	7.88%		Poperinge and English
6th Nov	1917	PI	1038.0	1013.0	3.31	65.79%	88.68%		2.77%	1.85%		0.23%		0.92%	5.77%	5.54%		Poperinge and English
21st Dec	1917	PI	1037.0	1011.0	3.44	70.27%	84.92%		4.92%			0.31%		2.46%	7.69%	7.38%		Poperinge and English
22nd Jan	1918	PI	1037.0	1011.0	3.44	70.27%	84.03%		4.38%	1.75%		0.22%		1.75%	8.10%	7.88%		English
27th Jan	1918	PI	1037.0	1011.0	3.44	70.27%	83.30%		5.21%			0.22%		3.47%	8.89%	7.81%		English
19th Feb	1918	PI	1038.0	1010.0	3.70	73.68%	83.72%		6.77%	1.69%		0.21%			8.67%	7.61%		English
26th Feb	1918	PI	1037.0	1010.0	3.57	72.97%	84.46%		7.04%			0.29%		1.17%	8.50%	7.04%		English
5th Mar	1918	PI	1038.0	1010.0	3.70	73.68%	83.30%		6.94%	0.87%		0.22%		0.87%	8.89%	7.81%		English
8th Mar	1918	PI	1038.0	1011.0	3.57	71.05%	85.23%		2.27%		2.27%	5.68%		1.14%	11.36%	3.41%		English
23rd Jul	1918	PI	1030.0	1009.0	2.78	70.00%	91.18%		2.94%		3.92%			1.96%	8.82%			Poperinge and English
13th Aug	1918	PI	1030.0	1009.0	2.78	70.00%	85.40%		2.92%		1.46%	7.30%		2.92%	14.60%			Poperinge and English
23rd Oct	1918	PI	1030.0	1009.0	2.78	70.00%	91.18%		6.86%					1.96%	8.82%			Poperinge and English
29th Oct	1918	PI	1030.0	1010.0	2.65	66.67%	85.40%		5.84%			7.30%		1.46%	14.60%			Poperinge and English
24th Jan	1919	PI	1030.0	1009.0	2.78	70.00%	89.61%		10.39%						10.39%			Poperinge and English
28th Jan	1919	PI	1030.0	1010.0	2.65	66.67%	87.88%		8.08%				4.04%		12.12%			Poperinge and English
7th Feb	1919	PI	1030.0	1010.0	2.65	66.67%	85.71%		7.14%			7.14%			14.29%			Poperinge and English
2nd Jul	1919	PI	1029.0	1010.0	2.51	65.52%	100.00%								0.00%			English
3rd Jul	1919	PI	1031.0	1010.0	2.78	67.74%	91.43%			8.57%					8.57%			English
8th Jul	1919	PI	1030.0	1009.0	2.78	70.00%	87.34%			5.06%		7.59%			12.66%			English
Source:
Drybrough brewing record held at the Scottish Brewing Archive, document number D/6/1/1/3

Whitbread FA 1914 - 1919
Date	Year	Beer	OG	FG	ABV	App. Atten-uation	pale malt	PA malt	no. 1 sugar	other sugar	hops
28th May	1914	FA	1047.4	1013.0	4.55	72.55%	22.28%	57.92%	19.80%		EK
4th Jun	1914	FA	1047.1	1013.0	4.51	72.39%	22.28%	57.92%	19.80%		EK
22nd Jun	1914	FA	1047.6	1014.0	4.45	70.62%	22.28%	57.92%	19.80%		EK
8th Oct	1914	FA	1048.5	1015.0	4.43	69.06%	22.28%	57.92%		19.80%	EK
29th Jan	1916	FA	1045.4	1013.0	4.29	71.38%	23.94%	55.85%		20.21%	EK
18th May	1917	FA	1045.7	1010.0	4.72	78.12%	26.16%	57.56%		16.28%	EK
24th Jul	1917	FA	1033.2	1005.0	3.74	84.96%	22.12%	61.95%	15.93%		EK
11th Oct	1917	FA	1035.2	1005.0	3.99	85.79%	22.73%	68.18%	9.09%		EK
5th Jun	1918	FA	1032.7	1008.0	3.27	75.52%	29.22%	68.18%	2.60%		EK
3rd Jul	1918	FA	1032.6	1007.0	3.38	78.51%	27.86%	60.37%	11.76%		EK
30th Oct	1918	FA	1032.4	1005.0	3.63	84.57%	21.33%	59.72%	18.96%		EK
5th Feb	1919	FA	1032.1	1006.0	3.46	81.33%	21.63%	59.13%	19.23%		EK
19th Mar	1919	FA	1032.4	1007.0	3.36	78.40%	21.95%	58.54%	19.51%		EK
Source:
Whitbread brewing record held at the London Metropolitan Archives document number LMA/4453/D/01/079, LMA/4453/D/01/080, LMA/4453/D/01/081, LMA/4453/D/01/082 and LMA/4453/D/01/084.

Fuller's AK 1914 - 1919
Date	Year	Beer	OG	FG	ABV	App. Atten-uation	pale malt	no. 2 sugar	glucose	invert sugar	caramel	total sugar	primings	flaked maize	hops
20th Nov	1914	AK	1044.3	1009.1	4.65	79.38%	78.89%	5.84%	5.84%		0.17%	15.26%	3.40%	5.84%	MK, Poperinge, Cobbs and Oregon
8th Dec	1914	AK	1044.1	1009.4	4.58	78.63%	81.38%		5.56%	5.56%		12.36%	1.23%	6.26%	MK, Poperinge, Cobbs and Oregon
2nd Jul	1915	AK	1044.5	1009.7	4.61	78.22%	78.96%	6.68%	6.68%			14.77%	1.40%	6.27%	MK and Cobbs
1st Jun	1916	AK	1043.9	1009.7	4.53	77.93%	79.27%	6.61%	6.61%			15.77%	2.56%	4.95%	MK and Cobbs
3rd Aug	1916	AK	1042.7	1008.9	4.47	79.23%	82.40%	4.85%	4.85%			12.75%	3.06%	4.85%	MK and Cobbs
26th Oct	1916	AK	1041.0	1006.6	4.54	83.78%	80.05%	6.47%	8.09%			15.10%	0.55%	4.85%	MK and Cobbs
3rd Nov	1916	AK	1041.7	1005.8	4.74	86.04%	80.16%	5.73%	5.73%			14.12%	2.67%	5.73%	MK and Cobbs
12th Jan	1917	AK	1041.8	1007.8	4.50	81.44%	80.82%	5.26%	5.26%			13.27%	2.76%	5.91%	MK and Cobbs
19th Jan	1917	AK	1040.7	1007.5	4.40	81.63%	82.98%	5.40%	5.40%			10.95%	0.16%	6.07%	MK and Cobbs
13th Apr	1917	AK	1041.5	1008.3	4.39	79.99%	83.03%	5.40%	5.40%			10.90%	0.10%	6.08%	MK and Cobbs
20th Jun	1917	AK	1038.6	1006.4	4.27	83.51%	86.64%	3.85%	5.78%			13.36%	3.74%		MK and Cobbs
8th Aug	1917	AK	1035.4	1006.4	3.84	82.00%	97.77%					2.23%	2.23%		MK and Cobbs
1st Nov	1917	AK	1035.9	1007.8	3.73	78.41%	92.36%				0.17%	2.42%	2.25%	5.23%	MK and Cobbs
14th Nov	1917	AK	1036.1	1008.3	3.68	76.98%	92.38%				0.23%	2.31%	2.09%	5.31%	MK and Cobbs
2nd Jan	1918	AK	1035.5	1007.5	3.70	78.92%	92.13%	5.94%			0.13%	7.87%	1.80%		MK and Cobbs
16th Jan	1918	AK	1036.1	1011.1	3.32	69.35%	91.58%	3.05%	3.05%		0.16%	8.42%	2.15%		MK and Cobbs
11th Apr	1918	AK	1026.1	1005.5	2.73	78.81%	74.94%	12.49%	12.49%		0.08%	25.06%	0.00%		MK and Cobbs
20th Jun	1918	AK	1026.2	1005.5	2.73	78.84%	74.65%	19.14%	3.83%		0.09%	25.35%	2.29%		MK and Cobbs
7th Nov	1918	AK	1025.7	1005.0	2.74	80.60%	77.55%	18.35%			0.18%	22.45%	3.92%		MK and EK
16th Jan	1919	AK	1026.1	1006.1	2.64	76.62%	78.14%	8.14%	8.14%		0.17%	21.86%	5.41%		MK and EK
15th Apr	1919	AK	1026.0	1004.4	2.86	82.98%	74.21%	6.06%	8.08%		0.26%	21.25%	6.85%	4.54%	MK and WK
19th Jun	1919	AK	1028.2	1004.7	3.10	83.28%	77.72%	6.76%	6.76%		0.14%	15.52%	1.86%	6.76%	MK and WK
25th Jun	1919	AK	1028.0	1005.3	3.01	81.21%	78.01%	8.00%	6.00%		0.27%	15.99%	1.72%	6.00%	MK and Cobbs
27th Aug	1919	AK	1030.5	1006.9	3.12	77.31%	74.03%	8.80%	8.80%		0.16%	17.91%	0.16%	8.06%	English and Poperinge
Source:
Fuller's brewing records held at the brewery.