What wasn't allowed in a pub in 1914? (part six)

Still not finished with activities which were expressly forbidden in pubs.

This is an interesting one.

Payment of Wages on Licensed Premises.—Any licence holder who permits any wages to be paid to any workman (not being a workman bond fide employed by himself) upon his licensed premises, or in any office, garden, or place belonging thereto and occupied therewith, incurs a penalty not exceeding £20.
Brewers' Almanack 1915, page 316.

There was a simple reason for this. It was to stop workmen getting paid in a pub and spending all their wages before going home. Of course, this didn't apply to barstaff.

There were also strict rules about child performers in licensed premises. Though it was allowed under certain circumstances.

Employment of Children.—Any person who causes or procures any child, being a boy under the age of fourteen years or being a girl under the age of sixteen years, to be on any licensed premises, not being premises licensed according to law for public entertainment, for the purpose of singing, playing, or performing, or being exhibited for profit, or offering anything for sale, between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m., renders himself liable to a penalty not exceeding £25 or to imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than three months. The local authority may from time to time by by-law extend or restrict the hours above mentioned.

Any person who causes or procures any child under the age of eleven years to be at any time on any licensed premises for the purpose of singing, playing, or performing, or being exhibited for profit, or offering anything for sale, renders himself liable to a penalty not exceeding £25, or to imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than three months.

But it is provided that, in the case of premises licensed according to law for public entertainments, a petty sessional court may, under certain conditions, grant a licence permitting children over ten to take part in such entertainments.
Brewers' Almanack 1915, pages 316 - 317.

It was allowed to have child performers in places licensed for public entertainment. Which would, I suppose, include places like music halls. I wonder why there was an age difference between boys and girls? Seems a bit odd. The punishment is even harsher than for other offences, what with the possibility of three months hard labour. That wouldn't be any fun.
 

Let's Brew - 1883 Truman (Burton) No. 8 Ale

Another of Truman's Burton Ales today. They're a bit of a weird bunch. You'd expect them to be similar beers, just different strengths. But it's not as simple as that.

Next up in strength is the first of the numbered Burton Ales, 8. Which is only a little stronger than the simple Ale. There is a big difference between the two, which we’ll get to later.

There’s a little more complexity to the grist. Just a little bit. In addition to base malt, there’s some sugar. An unspecified type of sugar. I’ve plumped for No. 2 invert. But it could be something completely different. I’ve no way of knowing.

Same hops as in the Ale: Bavarian from the 1875 harvest and undated illegible. Though I’m not 100% sure about the latter. The hopping rate, however, is more than double, at 5.75 lbs per quarter (336 lbs) of malt. 

1883 Truman (Burton) No. 8 Ale
pale malt	11.25 lb	93.75%
no. 2 sugar	0.75 lb	6.25%
Fuggles 180 mins	1.00 oz
Fuggles 60 mins	0.75 oz
Hallertau 30 mins	0.75 oz
OG	1054
FG	1015
ABV	5.16
Apparent attenuation	72.22%
IBU	31
SRM	5.5
Mash at	151º F
Sparge at	160º F
Boil time	180 minutes
pitching temp	60º F
Yeast	WLP013 London Ale (Worthington White Shield)

Beer Guide to the 1970s (part fifty-six)

Hopefully, I'll me slurping down caipirinhas, maybe on a beach, when you read this. Preparing to travel is one of the main reasons I've kept up with this series. So I can quickly get a couple of weeks ahead in my blog posts.

We finish off Scottish & Newcastle today with a brewery few seem to have known about, the former Red Tower brewery. Funnily enough, one of the first two Watney breweries Crowley, was fairly obscure, too. The other one was the last big industrial brewery in London. Though not a much-loved one.


Moss Side
Greater Manchester.
Founded:    1933
Closed:            still open
Tied houses:    

Bought by Scottish Brewers in 1956. Originally called Red Tower, it was an early specialist Lager brewery. And the only one still open. And the only one of the Scottish & Newcastle breweries still open and operated by Heineken.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Harp Lager	Lager	keg	1032.4

Mortlake
Mortlake,
London.
Founded:    1840
Closed:            2015
Tied houses:    

Bought by Watney in 1889. The main Watney brewery in London. Loathed by CAMRA for brewing no cask, they confounded them by reintroducing cask in the end of the 1970s. I can’t say that Fined Bitter impressed me much.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Fined Bitter	Pale Ale	draught	1044.2	well-flavoured, clean, tasty
Special Bitter	Pale Ale	keg	1037.9
Red Barrel	Pale Ale	keg	1036.6	well balanced
Red	Pale Ale	keg	1037.1	replaced Red Barrel
Starlight	Pale Ale	keg	1032.5	cheap and light
Special Mild	Mild	keg	1030.4	sweet
Pale Ale	Pale Ale	bottled	1031.3	traditional Pale Ale
Manns Brown Ale	Brown Ale	bottled	1030
Cream Label Stout	Stout	bottled	1035
Watneys Brown Ale	Brown Ale	bottled	1030.9
Watneys PA Export	Pale Ale	bottled	1060.8
Yorkshire Stingo	Strong Ale	bottled	1086
Export Gold	Strong Ale	bottled	1076

Crowley
Alton,
Hampshire.
Founded:    1763
Closed:            1970
Tied houses:    248

Bought by Watney in 1947. I assume to brew Pale Ale, as Alton has Burton-like water.
 

Still plugging away my latest book, "Keg!". If you want me to stop, buy a copy.

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Women in brewing before WW I

The numbers employed in brewing were quite small, just 84,969. In 1910 there were 4,512 breweries in the UK. That works out to just 18 employees per brewery. Or fuck all, really. Though not so surprising, as around three-quarters of those breweries were brewpubs. Which probably employed, at most, one or two people.

Let’s take look more closely at where those 80,000-odd people were employed and who they were. In particular, looking at how many of them were women. Starting with hourly-paid workers.

Employment in the brewing industry in 1907
	Wage-earners. Average No. and age class.
	Males.		Females
Trades.	Under 18.	Over 18.	Under 18.	Over 18.
Brewing & Malting	4,148	63,069	175	1,604
Spirit Distilling	125	5,378	5	124
Spirit Compounding, Rectifying, &c	23	633	7	27
Bottling	3,115	9,793	697	3,148
Aerated Waters, British Wines, &C	3,063	16,354	449	4,804
	10,474	95,227	1,333	9,707
Source:
Brewers' Almanack 1915, page 222.

In brewing, male employees vastly outnumbered women. Only about 2.5% were women. Most of those would have worked in bottling. While in specialist bottlers, around 30% of the hourly-paid workers were women. Though there would have been the occasional female brewer amongst the thousands of publican brewers.

Let’s have a look now at salaried staff. Which would mostly be the office staff.

Employment in the brewing industry in 1907
	Salaried persons. Average No. and age class.
	Males.		Females.
Trades.	Under 18.	Over 18.	Under 18.	Over 18
Brewing & Malting	978	14,786	14	195
Spirit Distilling	60	812	2	19
Spirit Compounding, Rectifying, &c	23	412	4	6
Bottling	278	2,989	20	225
Aerated Waters, British Wines, &C	261	3,399	30	297
	1,600	22,398	70	742
Source:
Brewers' Almanack 1915, page 222.

The proportion of women in salaried positions was even lower. Just 1.3%. Lumping both categories together, it averaged out to only about half a woman per brewery.

Let's Brew Wednesday - 1883 Truman (Burton) Ale

Truman’s Burton brewery bashed out a very wide range of beers. Both Burton Ales and Pale Ales. We’re starting off with the Burton Ales. Which cover broad gamut of gravities. As we’ll see later.

Considering this the weakest of the Burton Ales, it has a pretty decent gravity of over 1050º.

It would be hard to imagine a much simpler recipe. There was just base malt and two types of hops. Not many words I can string together about that.

Contrary to what you might expect of a Burton-brewed beer, the hopping rate is extremely low. A mere 2.6 lbs per quarter (336 lbs) of malt. Resulting in a pitifully low level of bitterness which would embarrass even a modern Mild Ale.

The two types of hops were, I believe, German. Bavarian from the 1875 season and undated illegible. I can’t for the life of me work out what it says in the brewing record. The handwriting of Truman’s brewers was truly dreadful. 

1883 Truman (Burton) Ale
pale malt	11.75 lb	100.00%
Fuggles 180 mins	0.33 oz
Fuggles 60 mins	0.33 oz
Hallertau 30 mins	0.33 oz
OG	1051
FG	1016
ABV	4.63
Apparent attenuation	68.63%
IBU	12.5
SRM	4.5
Mash at	148º F
Sparge at	160º F
Boil time	180 minutes
pitching temp	60º F
Yeast	WLP013 London Ale (Worthington White Shield)

Beer Guide to the 1970s (part fifty-five)

This is so much fun. Well, I'll be having fun as this is published. As I'll be in Brazil. Hopefully, sitting on a beach with a cocktail in my hand.

We've now got as far as Scottish & Newcastle. Who operated the fewest breweries of any of the Big Six. Just four of them. Two of which were in Edinburgh.

I drank a reasonable amount of Younger's 70/- and 80/-, which were both perfectly decent beers, in cask form. Which, unfortunately, wasn't all that common. And I always had a very soft spot for No. 3. A bit of an oddity. But a tasty one.

Other than the occasional bottle of Newcatle Brown, I don't think I ever tried any beer from the Tyne Brewer. Simply because most of the time they produced no cask beer. And why the hell would I bother to drink keg.


William McEwan
Edinburgh,
Scotland.
Founded:    1856
Closed:            2005
Tied houses:    

One half of Scottish Brewers, McEwan had long been one of the largest brewers north of the border.

beer	style	format	OG	description
70/-	Pale Ale	draught	1036.5	smooth and malty
80/-	Pale Ale	draught	1043.3	heavy, full-flavoured
60/-	Pale Ale	tank
70/-	Pale Ale	tank	1036.5
80/-	Pale Ale	tank	1043.3
Harp Lager	Lager	keg	1032.4
McEwans Cavalier	Lager	keg	1030	Superb rich flavour.
McEwan's Special (80/-)	Pale Ale	keg	1039.6	Full-bodied rich flavour
McEwans Scotch (70/-)	Pale Ale	keg	1035.3	good value
Mc Ewans Export	Pale Ale	bottled	1042.2
Mc Ewans Pale	Pale Ale	bottled
Mc Ewans Blue Label	Pale Ale	bottled
Mc Ewans Strong	Strong Ale	bottled

William Younger
Edinburgh,
Scotland.
Founded:    1778
Closed:            1986
Tied houses:    

The other half of Scottish brewers. They ran two breweries, Holyrood and Abbey, close to each other at the bottom of the Royal Mile. In the 1970s only Holyrood was in operation.

beer	style	format	OG	description
IPA	IPA	draught	1043.2	smooth
XXPS or Scotch Bitter	Pale Ale	draught	1036.2	well-balanced
No. 3 Ale	Strong Ale	draught	1042
60/- or XXP	Pale Ale	keg
Tartan Keg	Pale Ale	keg	1035.3
Scotch	Pale Ale	keg	1036.2
Best Scotch	Pale Ale	keg	1036.7
IPA	IPA	keg	1043.5
Tartan Special	Pale Ale	keg	1029.6
Tartan Mild	Mild	keg	1029.6
Monk Export Pale Ale	Pale Ale	bottled	1046.3
No.3 Scotch Ale	Scotch Ale	bottled	1044.8
Wee Willie L.P.A.	Pale Ale	bottled	1030.9
Sweet Stout	Stout	bottled	1034
Brown Ale	Brown Ale	bottled
Double Century Ale	Brown Ale	bottled
Harp Lager	Lager	bottled	1032.4

Newcastle Breweries
Newcastle,
Tyne and Wear.
Founded:    1890
Closed:            2005
Tied houses:    

Formed by the merger of six northeast breweries. Brewed no cask beer in the 1970s.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Newcastle Exhibition	Pale Ale	keg	1041.8	crisp, nutty flavour
Newcastle Amber	Pale Ale	keg	1032.1	party beer
Four Star	Pale Ale	keg	1037.6
Scotch Ale	Pale Ale	keg	1032.3
IPA	IPA	keg	1032.2
Starbrite	Pale Ale	keg		light
Newcastle Amber Ale	Pale Ale	bottled	1033.4
Newcastle Brown Ale	Brown Ale	bottled	1045.9

Still plugging away my latest book, "Keg!". If you want me to stop, buy a copy.

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Irish Stout exports in the 1880s

Large quantities of Porter/Stout were exported from Ireland. The figures below must include to Great Britain as they exceed the numbers for total UK exports. Certainly, in the case of Guinness, the beer was almost all Stout. I’m sure the same was true for the other brewers.

The figures are dominated by Guinness, who accounted for more than three-quarters of the exports. Way ahead of the second-placed brewery, who could manage no more than 6%.

What’s odd, is that neither of the Cork brewers appears in the table. Perhaps these are just the figures for Dublin-based firms.
 

Irish Porter exports 1888 - 1891 (barrels)
brewery	1888	1889	1890	1891
Guinness & Son	495,153	503,448	542,300	546,086
Watkins & Co	38,385	38,048	38,160	38,219
Jameson Pim	36,359	30,752	29,718	29,324
D’Arcy & Son	19,950	22,980	26,109	28,173
Phoenix Brewery	21,300	20,316	21,657	6,647
Mountjoy Brewery	17,265	15,302	15,630	17,513
Sweetman & Co	4,914	4,869	2,951	—
E. and J. Burke	2,159	4,836	9,671	9,753
Others	464	482	107	765
Total	635,948	641,061	686,346	691,478
Source:
Brewers' Guardian vol 22, January 1892, page 20.

 

 

Beer Guide to the 1970s (part fifty-four)

The end of this series is finally coming into view. The longest series of posts, by far, that I've ever written. Four of the Big Six finished now. Just three more to go.

The last two Courage breweries today. Both originally part of John Smiths. In the 1970s, Tadcaster phased out cask beer. And I'm pretty sure I didn't drink any beer from there. Though I did drink plenty of it in Newwark in the 1980s, after Holes had closed and cask was produced in Tadcaster again.

I drank plenty of Barnsley Bitter in the 1970s. While it was still available. Pretty much all of it in the Wing Tavern. The last pub in Newark to sell it. And the only Courage pub in town that sold cask.

Guinness? Well I drank plenty of bottled Guinness. Usually in pubs that sold no cask. Or, mixed with cask Bitter, when it was a bit dodgy. For example, in the Tenterden where the Trumans Tap Bitter wasn't the greatest beer. A bottle of Guinness livened it up a treat.


John Smith
Tadcaster,
North Yorkshire.
Founded:    1847
Closed:            still open
Tied houses:    1,800

Bought by Courage in 1970.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Magnet Bitter	Pale Ale	draught	1034.8
Best Bitter	Pale Ale	draught	1036
Magnet Pale Ale	Pale Ale	draught	1043.5
Mild Ale	Mild	draught	1030.9
Golden Keg	Pale Ale	keg	1039.1
Magnet Pale Ale	Pale Ale	bottled	1043.5
Magnet Old Ale	Old Ale	bottled		strong and dark
Light Ale	Light Ale	bottled	1031.9
Milk Maid Stout	Stout	bottled	1042.2

Barnsley
Barnsley,
South Yorkshire.
Founded:    
Closed:            1976
Tied houses:    250

Bought by John Smith in 1961. Their Bitter was wonderful The first great beer I ever drank.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Barnsley Bitter	Pale Ale	draught
Mild	Mild	draught

Guinness (Park Royal)
Park Royal,
London.
Founded:    
Closed:    
Tied houses:    2

When the newly- independent Ireland was having trade problems with the UK, Guinness decided to build a new brewery in London. Though it never served the whole of the UK. The North and Scotland were supplied from Dublin. Despite not really having a tied estate, bottled Guinness Extra Stout was the most widely-available beer in the UK. And wonderful stuff.

beer	style	format	OG	description
Draught Guinness	Stout	keg		nitrokeg
Extra Stout	Stout	bottled	1044	Winter
Extra Stout	Stout	bottled	1042	Summer

Until enough of you have bought it, I'm going to keep on plugging my latest book, "Keg!". From which the above is an extract.

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Let's Brew - 1873 Ny Carlsberg DBS

Is it a coincidence that Carlsberg’s Stout has the same name as William Younger’s? I don’t think so. Given that Carl Jacobsen had served a brewing apprenticeship there.

Other than the Munich base malt, the grist has a very London look about it, with the combination of brown and black malt. And not just a little brown malt, but rather a lot of it. Between them, the roasted malts account for almost 25% of the grist. Easily enough to have a significant impact on the flavour of the finished beer.

British influence can be seen in the hopping, too. Both in the rate – which is far higher than in their other beers – and in the type of hops. As there are some simply described as “EK”. Which I’ve assumed are something Goldings-like.

Was this lagered? I really don’t know. There is a possibility that, rather than being cold lagered, it was aged at cellar temperature. Either could have happened. 

1873 Ny Carlsberg DBS
Munich malt 10L	13.75 lb	77.46%
brown malt	3.00 lb	16.90%
black malt	1.00 lb	5.63%
Saaz 150 mins	4.00 oz
Saaz 60 mins	4.00 oz
Goldings 30 mins	4.00 oz
OG	1072
FG	1024
ABV	6.35
Apparent attenuation	66.67%
IBU	120
SRM	40
Mash double decoction
Boil time	150 minutes
pitching temp	45º F
Yeast	Wyeast 2042 Danish lager

Mash in at 35º C (95º F)	5 minutes
Warm whole mash to 52º C (126º F)	20 minutes
Rest whole mash at 52º C (126º F) (protein rest)	15 minutes
Draw off first mash and without a rest bring to the boil	30 minutes
Boil first mash	10 minutes
The rest of the mash remains at 52º C (126º F)	40 minutes
Mash at 70º C (158º F)	25 minutes
Rest whole mash at 70º C (158º F) (saccharification rest)	30 minutes
Draw off second mash and without a rest bring to the boil	15 minutes
Boil second mash	10 minutes
Mash at 76º C (169º F) and mash out	20 minutes