These figures are all connected with breweries: number of breweries, average output per brewery, average output per employee.
The number of breweries per country varied enormously. We’re still back when half of Europe’s breweries were in West Germany.
“Table III gives the number of working breweries in each of the EEC countries in 1974. The enormous differences influence not only the methods of beer production (i.e. technology) but also the costs of production and distribution, as we will see later.
Table III also illustrates one of the main problems in West Germany. In 1974 the EEC countries had 2,183 production breweries (not companies) which, together, were producing 226,409 million hl per year. The average production per brewery was 103,700 hl. In Ireland, the Netherlands and Great Britain the average production per brewery ranged between 414,700 hl and 869,300 hl but in the much smaller West German breweries the average production was 56,700 hl. Indeed we have today, in West Germany, 1,472 breweries with production less than 120,000 hl/year and only 164 plants with more than that, including only 38 breweries with more than 500,000 hl per year (305,550 brl/year). If you remember that the average production of the 152 breweries in Great Britain is 414,700 hl/year, you can imagine how different the technical and technological problems are in the brewing industry in West Germany.”
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 83, Issue 1, March-April 1977, page 72.
Obviously, the countries with fewer breweries generally had greater output per brewery. Germany, with equivalently far more breweries than anyone else, came bottom. Ireland, with only a handful left, came top.
Here’s the table:
TABLE III. No. of Breweries and Average Beer Production per Brewery in 1974 (x 1,000 hl). | ||
No. of breweries | Production per brewery | |
Denmark | 50 | 168.1 |
Eire | 7 | 869.3 |
Great Britain | 152 | 414.7 |
Italy | 37 | 216.6 |
Netherlands | 23 | 506.2 |
Luxemburg | 7 | 98.9 |
Belgium | 185 | 75.7 |
France | 86 | 252.5 |
West Germany | 1,636 | 56.7 |
Total | 2,183 | Average 103.7 |
For comparison purposes, here are some recent figures for the same countries:
Number of Active Breweries 2008 - 2013 | |||||||
Country | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | % change 2008 - 2013 |
Denmark* | N/A | N/A | N/A | 150 | 150 | 150 | N/A |
Ireland* | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 30 | 15.38% |
United Kingdom | 725 | 745 | 828 | 948 | 1,300 | 1,490 | 105.52% |
Italy | 220 | 256 | 308 | 350 | 421 | 509 | 131.36% |
Netherlands* | 72 | N/A | N/A | 125 | 165 | 185 | 156.94% |
Luxembourg | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 40.00% |
Belgium* | 135 | 127 | 135 | 123 | 150 | 160 | 18.52% |
France | 132 | 322 | 387 | 442 | 503 | 580 | 339.39% |
Germany | 1,328 | 1,331 | 1,333 | 1,347 | 1,340 | 1,349 | 1.58% |
total | 2,643 | 2,813 | 3,024 | 3,518 | 4,062 | 4,460 | 68.75% |
* Number of microbreweries unknown | |||||||
Source: | |||||||
"Beer Statistics 2014 edition", Brewers of Europe, 2014, page 21. |
In the last few years there’s been a remarkable surge in brewery numbers in many European countries. France has seen the biggest growth, but the UK, Italy and The Netherlands have seen the number of breweries double in 5 years. And there’s another very significant figure in there. For the first time I can remember Germany is no longer the country with the most breweries, having been passed by the UK in 2013.
Nailing the two tables together in my inimitable way is very revealing:
Number of Active Breweries 2008 - 2013 | |||
Country | 1974 | 2013 | % change 2008 - 2013 |
Denmark | 50 | 150 | 200.00% |
Ireland | 7 | 30 | 328.57% |
United Kingdom | 152 | 1,490 | 880.26% |
Italy | 37 | 509 | 1275.68% |
Netherlands | 23 | 185 | 704.35% |
Luxembourg | 7 | 7 | 0.00% |
Belgium | 185 | 160 | -13.51% |
France | 86 | 580 | 574.42% |
Germany | 1,636 | 1,349 | -17.54% |
total | 2,183 | 4,460 | 104.31% |
Sources: | |||
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 83, Issue 1, March-April 1977, page 72. | |||
"Beer Statistics 2014 edition", Brewers of Europe, 2014, page 21. |
Overall the number of breweries in the nine countries has more than doubled, but the growth has been very uneven. In two countries – Belgium and Germany – the number has fallen. Factoring in the 200 or so DDR breweries would make the German numbers look even worse.
Comparing the output per brewery in 1974 and 2013 is very illuminating. And I’m sure it’s a development no-one in the industry would have foreseen in the 1970’s.
Production per brewery in 2013 (1,000 hl) | |||||
Country | output 2013 | No. of breweries 2013 | Production per brewery 2013 | Production per brewery 1974 | % change 1974 - 2013 |
Denmark | 6,166 | 150 | 41.11 | 168.1 | -75.55% |
Ireland | 8,008 | 30 | 266.93 | 869.3 | -69.29% |
United Kingdom | 41,956 | 1,490 | 28.16 | 414.7 | -93.21% |
Italy | 13,256 | 509 | 26.04 | 216.6 | -87.98% |
Netherlands | 23,636 | 185 | 127.76 | 506.2 | -74.76% |
Luxembourg | 281 | 7 | 40.14 | 98.9 | -59.41% |
Belgium | 18,069 | 160 | 112.93 | 75.7 | 49.18% |
France | 15,491 | 580 | 26.71 | 252.5 | -89.42% |
Germany | 94,365 | 1,349 | 69.95 | 56.7 | 23.37% |
total/ average | 221,228 | 4,460 | 49.60 | 103.7 | -52.17% |
Sources: | |||||
Journal of the Institute of Brewing, Volume 83, Issue 1, March-April 1977, page 72. | |||||
"Beer Statistics 2014 edition", Brewers of Europe, 2014, pages 7 and 21. |
Average output per brewery has fallen everywhere except Germany and Belgium. Which is logical enough, as they’re the two countries with no significant increase in the number of breweries. The UK has gone from having one of the highest averages to third lowest.
Of course, this doesn’t mean there are no longer large breweries. Just that the industry has become fragmented, with businesses on very different scales. On the one hand, a few large industrial breweries churning out millions of hectolitres and on the other loads of small outfits making just a few thousand.
It’s really brought home to me just how much the beer scene has changed since I started drinking. Then a continued decline in number of breweries seemed inevitable. Even the most optimistic drinker wouldn’t have dreamed that the UK could have more than 1,000 breweries again.
I’ve still not completely cleared out this statistic mine. More to come.
There's another interesting story in that, of the 7 Irish breweries in 1974, only two were still operational at the end of 2013. The seven were all owned by multinational corporations and they've been on a massive consolidation binge since the beginning of the 21st century. I'd guess it's the same for the UK numbers, and other places too.
ReplyDeleteBeer Nut,
ReplyDeletethere are two contradictory trends. at the top end, continued consolidation and brewing on an ever larger scale. At the bottom, ever more breweries brewing on a very modest scale.
Oh, and there's a third trend: international giants buying smaller new breweries. Be interesting to see where that takes us.
A thought about the number for Belgium.
ReplyDeleteBelgium has an evergrowing number of "beerfirms" who have their beers brewed by other breweries. Some of those are even specialised in contract-brewing. So, we have a lot of new brews, but hardly new breweries.